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Paris - educational and cultural institutions

With the exception of regional folklore, Paris has defined French culture to the world. Moreover, the international importance of the French language, and of French thought and action, has lent even greater significance to the expanded role of the capital. In both educational and cultural terms, the contrast between Paris and the provinces has been extremely sharp. Only very recently and very slowly has the dominance of Paris over the intellectual life of the nation been weakened. The most prestigious educational institutions of France are still concentrated in the city. Most prominent is the Sorbonne, which was founded about 1257 and evolved into the University of Paris. Beginning in 1968, in a major reform, the university was decentralized into 13 separate components. Other institutions of higher education include the Collège de France (1530), École Polytechnique (1794), Catholic Institute of Paris (1875), École du Louvre (1882), as well as medical, law, and technological schools.
The city is the centralized control point of most national radio and television broadcasting, place of publication of the most prestigious newspapers (Le Monde, Le Figaro) and trendsetting magazines, and an international book publishing center. The main public library, the Bibliothèque Nationale, which has more than 9 million volumes, originated in a small collection of books donated by Louis XI. A new library complex was completed in 1996, and the Bibliothèque Nationale is now split between two sites in Paris. The old library on Rue Richelieu will house part of the collection while the new four-building, high-rise complex in the Tolbiac section of Paris will accommodate all printed and audiovisual material as well as expanded research facilities. The famous French Academy (founded 1635) meets in Paris, which is also the home of most of the nation’s major musical and theatrical companies. Among the principal theaters are the Opéra de la Bastille, Théâtre de la Comédie Française, Opéra Comique, Palais Garnier, and the Odeón. With more than 100 museums, Paris has truly one of the greatest concentrations of art treasures in the world. The Louvre, opened as a museum in 1793 and now boasting 225 galleries and some 400,000 catalog entries, is one of the largest museums in the world. In 1983 France commissioned I.M. Pei, a Chinese-American architect, to restore and partly transform the Louvre. Among his changes is a striking glass pyramid entrance to the museum. The Centre National d’Art et de Culture Georges Pompidou (also called Beaubourg), designed by architects Renzo Piano of Italy and Richard Rogers of the United Kingdom, has become a major attraction since its opening in 1977. In 1985 the Picasso Museum opened in the restored 17th-century Hôtel Sale. It houses the world’s largest collections of the work of Spanish artist Pablo Picasso, plus his private art collection. Other major museums are the Musée d’Art Moderne; the Musée d’Orsay; the Musée des Arts Décoratifs; the Cite des Sciences et de Industrie; the Musée Rodin, housing the works of French sculptor Auguste Rodin; the Musée de Cluny, with artworks from the Middle Ages; Musée de l’Orangerie, with a collection of paintings by well-known Impressionist artists; and the museum at the Institut du Monde Arabe.