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New York

New York

America's most populous city, New York, the “Big Apple”, is one of the world's leading commercial, financial, and cultural centers. New York is subdivided into five boroughs . Some boroughs ore situated on 50 islands . The land area is 800 sq. km and the population in 1992 was 7,311,966 people . In New York there are people from all over the world . In 1990 the population was 52 per cent white , 29 per cent black, 7 per cent Asian and Pacific Islander, and 12 per cent other races.
Being a financial, commercial, manufacturing, and tourist center , New York, contains the headquarters of many major corporations , road , rail , water, air transport. In New York there are two international airports — La Guardia and John F. Kennedy, both in Queens borough. Nearby ports in New Jersey, however, with Newark International Airport, now handle much of the freight that formerly passed through New York.
As a manufacturing center, New York is a national leader in the production of clothing (notably in the Garment District of Midtown Manhattan on the West Side), printed materials, and processed foods. Other principal products include wood, paper, and metal goods, machinery, chemicals, and textiles. Many manufacturing concerns have left New York since the 1960s, largely because of the high cost of operating in the city. In specialized service activities, however, the city remains strong and it is a major center of the world financial industry; both the advertising and the communications industries have major concentrations in New York. The leading national television and radio networks have headquarters in the city, as do many prominent book and magazine publishers.
New York, and particularly Manhattan, boasts many distinguished architectural sites. Skyscrapers dominate the skyline; the Flatiron Building, completed in 1902, was one of the first in the city. Others include the Chrysler Building (1930), the Woolworth Building (1915), the Empire State Building (1931), the group of buildings that constitute Rockefeller Center (begun 1931), and the World Trade Center (1977), which ranks among the world's tallest buildings. Older structures include Gracie Mansion (late 18th century), now the mayor's residence, and City Hall (1802-1811). Among the city's well-known religious edifices are St Patrick's Cathedral (1879), the Cathedral Church of St John the Divine (begun 1892), and Temple Emanu-El. New York's most famous landmark is the Statue of Liberty (1886) on Liberty Island.
The community continued to grow, but its great expansion occurred after the completion of the Erie Canal in 1825. The canal opened the great markets of the west, and New York became a major center of commodity exchange, banking, marine insurance, and manufacturing. Immigrants, particularly Irish, German, Jewish, and Italian, began to arrive in large numbers. Between 1820 and 1840, the city's population more than doubled; by 1850 it had doubled again. From the mid-19th century until well into the 20th century, the city government was under control of a Democratic party machine, known as the Tammany Society. The machine controlled politicians of both parties, the police, the courts, state and local governments, and newspapers.
By the late 19th century the population was swelled by immigrants from southern and eastern Europe as well as from China. Growth was further enhanced by the great age of bridge construction that was initiated by the achievement of John A. Roebling and Washington A. Roebling: the beautiful, wire-enlaced Brooklyn Bridge (1883). Other bridges soon followed, setting the stage for the consolidation that, in 1898, created the five-borough city. In 1904 construction of the complex underground transport system linking the boroughs was begun and integrated the boroughs into the pattern recognizable today. In the period during and after World War II, the city received numerous black immigrants, largely from the southern states. Immigration from Puerto Rico and from other parts of the Caribbean and Latin America followed in the 1950s.